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홈›컴퓨터 기초·타자

인터넷의 원리

휴대폰에서 보낸 사진은 한 덩어리로 가지 않습니다. 패킷으로 잘려 라우터에서 라우터로 건너가고, 반대편에서 다시 합쳐집니다. 이 과정은 여섯 단원에 걸쳐 그 패킷을 따라갑니다. 인터넷이 무엇인지, IP 주소, 경로 찾기, TCP·UDP와 포트, DNS, 그리고 웹 페이지 하나를 열 때 일어나는 일을 차례로 다룹니다. 패킷 시뮬레이터에서 패킷을 잃어버리게 하거나 연결을 끊어 보고, DNS가 이름을 찾는 과정을 단계별로 볼 수 있습니다.

진도
  1. 1인터넷이란 무엇인가
  2. 2IP 주소
  3. 3패킷이 길을 찾는 방법
  4. 4TCP, UDP와 포트
  5. 5DNS: 이름을 주소로 바꾸기
  6. 6웹 페이지를 열 때 일어나는 일
이 과정의 출처 (28)
  • (checked 2026-10-17; reordered 2026-10-19: standards first, then official documentation, then operators and papers, history sources last)
  • IETF RFCs (rfc-editor.org): RFC 768 UDP (1980, 8-byte header)
  • RFC 791 IPv4 (1981, 32-bit addresses, "does not provide a reliable communication facility", TTL field "measured in units of seconds" but every module must decrease it by at least one, so it is only an upper bound)
  • RFC 792 ICMP (Time Exceeded)
  • RFC 801 NCP/TCP transition plan (1 January 1983)
  • RFC 894 Ethernet (1500-byte payload)
  • RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 DNS (1987, HOSTS.TXT kept by SRI-NIC, labels up to 63 octets and names up to 255, TTL in seconds)
  • RFC 1122 (127.0.0.0/8 loopback)
  • RFC 1918 private addresses (10/8, 172.16/12, 192.168/16)
  • RFC 2131 DHCP, RFC 3022 NAT, RFC 3596 AAAA records, RFC 3849 and RFC 5737 documentation addresses, RFC 4271 BGP-4, RFC 4291 IPv6 text form, RFC 6298 TCP retransmission timer (initial RTO 1 second)
  • RFC 6335 port ranges (0-1023, 1024-49151, 49152-65535)
  • RFC 7766 DNS over TCP, RFC 8200 IPv6 (128-bit addresses, Hop Limit)
  • RFC 8446 TLS 1.3 (one round-trip handshake)
  • RFC 9000 QUIC and RFC 9114 HTTP/3, RFC 9110 HTTP semantics (status code classes)
  • RFC 9293 TCP (three-way handshake, sequence numbers)
  • IANA: ip-parameters registry (recommended default TTL 64)
  • IPv4 free pool depleted 3 February 2011 (NRO and ARIN announcements)
  • Official documentation: MDN Web Docs "How does the Internet work?" (45 cables for 10 computers, switches, routers, MAC and IP addresses, internet and web)
  • "What is a URL?", "HTTP response status codes" (developer.mozilla.org)
  • Cloudflare Learning Center: "What is DNS?" (four kinds of DNS server, 8 steps of an uncached lookup, browser and OS caches, TTL)
  • "What is HTTP/3?" (cloudflare.com/learning)
  • Google Chrome Help, "Browse in Incognito mode" (support.google.com/chrome/answer/95464, checked 2026-10-19: Incognito limits what is saved to the device; websites and organisations that manage your network, like your school, employer or internet service provider, may be able to observe your activity)
  • Operators and papers: root-servers.org (13 root name servers run by 12 organisations, 2047 instances on 2026-10-17)
  • Jacobson and Karels 1988, Congestion Avoidance and Control (loss mostly congestion)
  • History blocks only: UCLA Samueli School of Engineering, Internet50 (first ARPANET message "LO", UCLA to SRI, 29 October 1969, 22:30)
  • historyofinformation.com and Wikipedia ARPANET (Kline)
  • Spiceworks/SRI history (HOSTS.TXT kept by SRI-NIC)
  • Numbers (2^32, 2^96, 45 and 6 cables, packet counts, round-trip times)

확인한 날: 2026-10-17