Cómo funciona internet
Una foto enviada desde tu teléfono no viaja en una sola pieza. Se corta en paquetes que saltan de router en router y se vuelven a unir en el otro extremo. Seis unidades siguen esos paquetes: qué es internet, las direcciones IP, el enrutamiento, TCP y UDP con los puertos, el DNS y todo lo que ocurre cuando abres una página web. Con un simulador de paquetes puedes perder paquetes, cortar enlaces y ver cómo el DNS busca un nombre paso a paso.
Progreso
- 1Qué es internet
- 2Direcciones IP
- 3Cómo encuentran su camino los paquetes
- 4TCP, UDP y puertos
- 5DNS: convertir nombres en direcciones
- 6Qué pasa cuando abres una página web
Fuentes de este curso (28)
- (checked 2026-10-17; reordered 2026-10-19: standards first, then official documentation, then operators and papers, history sources last)
- IETF RFCs (rfc-editor.org): RFC 768 UDP (1980, 8-byte header)
- RFC 791 IPv4 (1981, 32-bit addresses, "does not provide a reliable communication facility", TTL field "measured in units of seconds" but every module must decrease it by at least one, so it is only an upper bound)
- RFC 792 ICMP (Time Exceeded)
- RFC 801 NCP/TCP transition plan (1 January 1983)
- RFC 894 Ethernet (1500-byte payload)
- RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 DNS (1987, HOSTS.TXT kept by SRI-NIC, labels up to 63 octets and names up to 255, TTL in seconds)
- RFC 1122 (127.0.0.0/8 loopback)
- RFC 1918 private addresses (10/8, 172.16/12, 192.168/16)
- RFC 2131 DHCP, RFC 3022 NAT, RFC 3596 AAAA records, RFC 3849 and RFC 5737 documentation addresses, RFC 4271 BGP-4, RFC 4291 IPv6 text form, RFC 6298 TCP retransmission timer (initial RTO 1 second)
- RFC 6335 port ranges (0-1023, 1024-49151, 49152-65535)
- RFC 7766 DNS over TCP, RFC 8200 IPv6 (128-bit addresses, Hop Limit)
- RFC 8446 TLS 1.3 (one round-trip handshake)
- RFC 9000 QUIC and RFC 9114 HTTP/3, RFC 9110 HTTP semantics (status code classes)
- RFC 9293 TCP (three-way handshake, sequence numbers)
- IANA: ip-parameters registry (recommended default TTL 64)
- IPv4 free pool depleted 3 February 2011 (NRO and ARIN announcements)
- Official documentation: MDN Web Docs "How does the Internet work?" (45 cables for 10 computers, switches, routers, MAC and IP addresses, internet and web)
- "What is a URL?", "HTTP response status codes" (developer.mozilla.org)
- Cloudflare Learning Center: "What is DNS?" (four kinds of DNS server, 8 steps of an uncached lookup, browser and OS caches, TTL)
- "What is HTTP/3?" (cloudflare.com/learning)
- Google Chrome Help, "Browse in Incognito mode" (support.google.com/chrome/answer/95464, checked 2026-10-19: Incognito limits what is saved to the device; websites and organisations that manage your network, like your school, employer or internet service provider, may be able to observe your activity)
- Operators and papers: root-servers.org (13 root name servers run by 12 organisations, 2047 instances on 2026-10-17)
- Jacobson and Karels 1988, Congestion Avoidance and Control (loss mostly congestion)
- History blocks only: UCLA Samueli School of Engineering, Internet50 (first ARPANET message "LO", UCLA to SRI, 29 October 1969, 22:30)
- historyofinformation.com and Wikipedia ARPANET (Kline)
- Spiceworks/SRI history (HOSTS.TXT kept by SRI-NIC)
- Numbers (2^32, 2^96, 45 and 6 cables, packet counts, round-trip times)
Fecha de consulta: 2026-10-17